CTE Science

What does the science actually show?

Peer-reviewed research, lifecycle studies, material science and public research related to artificial turf, recycling and end-of-life management.

CTE Principle

Scientific evidence is strongest when the scope, method, population, system boundary and limitations are visible.

One study does not automatically establish a universal truth.
We separate what a study found from what it did not test.
How far a result can reasonably be generalised is stated, not assumed.

Artificial turf surface with rubber infill visible
Lamiot, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons
Uncoloured plastic granulate
Rohini, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons
Pile of fine sand of the type used as stabilising infill
W.carter, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons

Types of evidence, kept separate

Scientific evidence: Peer-reviewed research, systematic reviews and meta-analyses.
Regulatory evidence: Legal text and regulatory decisions. Law is not a toxicity threshold.
Government research: Public research institutes and government-commissioned studies.
Industry research: Useful, but funding and affiliation are always shown.
Company claims: Statements by a company. Never converted into a verified fact.
CTE modelling: Our own calculation, with the method and assumptions published.
Media reporting: Reported by media, recorded as reporting, not as measurement.
Unknown / insufficient evidence: Published as unknown. Absence of evidence is not evidence of absence.

Study types

Study types are not equivalent. A systematic review and a single laboratory trial answer different questions at different strength.

Systematic review
Meta analysis
Literature review
Life cycle assessment
Laboratory study
Field study
Epidemiological study
Exposure study
Material characterisation
Process trial
Pilot study
Full scale industrial study
Modelling study
Techno economic analysis
Government research
Other

Evidence indicators

We do not use star scores. We show factual indicators instead.

Peer reviewedSystematic reviewIndependent replicationLarge sampleField measuredLab measuredModelledSingle studyMultiple studiesLimitations stated

Where a source reports a range, the range is shown. We do not convert an approximate range into a single precise number.

New study found → abstract reviewed → full text reviewed → data extracted → limitations reviewed → claim linked → published. Never straight from discovery to a platform-wide fact.

Health content is informational and population-level. It is not medical advice and does not provide diagnosis or treatment.