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Artificial turf recycling in Ireland

Recycling infrastructure, regulation, material flows and end-of-life status.

Dataset: FROZEN v1.0Verified: 2026-09-29Sources: 25QA: QA PASSED WITH DOCUMENTED UNKNOWN

01

Executive snapshot

This dossier covers the Republic of Ireland only; Northern Ireland belongs to the United Kingdom dossier. No complete, comparable, publicly verified national artificial-turf pitch inventory has been identified, so national pitch count, area, EOL tonnage, annual replacements, treatment split, capacity and throughput are UNKNOWN and no CTE tonnage model is published. FAI league databases and the GAA Register of Synthetic Turf Fields are quality/certification structures, not national counts. One active mobile / project-based pre-processor is verified: JNC Premier Pitches (Cashel, Co. Tipperary), which removes and separates old turf and infill during resurfacing. CTE has not identified a currently active Republic-of-Ireland fixed full-field synthetic-turf recycling facility that meets the CTE public-evidence standard. Tyre recyclers (Elmore; historical Bord na Móna Drogheda; historical Crumb Rubber Ireland) supply rubber upstream and are not turf recyclers.

Major caveat

Republic of Ireland only — Irish FA, Northern Ireland facilities, UK funding and UK waste law are excluded. FAI and GAA registers are never summed; local open data (DLR) is not extrapolated; funded projects and tenders are not installed stock. EPA Report 430 literature values (≈140 t per field, 8–10 year lifetime, 3–5 t/year top-up) are not Irish measurements and are not used as conversion factors. Reuse ≠ recycling; maintenance ≠ EOL processing; disposal ≠ recycling; tyre recycling ≠ turf recycling.

02

Evidence status

Evidence status

Public source chain validated — frozen v1.0 (29 Sep 2026); Republic of Ireland only; national stock and EOL UNKNOWN

National EOL basis

UNKNOWN — no national stock denominator; no national CTE model

03

Market size & installed base

CURRENT

CURRENT VERIFIED NATIONAL PITCH COUNT: UNKNOWN. CURRENT VERIFIED NATIONAL AREA: UNKNOWN. FAI: full-sized artificial pitches must be tested / certified, clubs notify their league, leagues should maintain a database of playable pitches — governance context, no national count. FAI Facility Investment Vision and Strategy: facilities survey covered 87% of grassroots clubs — strategy, not stock. GAA Register of Synthetic Turf Fields: standards, initial testing, re-testing every three years — register count UNKNOWN. Sport Ireland facility schema includes the category “Pitch (Artificial)” — category, not a count. Multi-sport use (football, Gaelic games, rugby, hockey, schools, universities, community sport) — examples not combined into a total.

HISTORICAL

LOCAL / PIPELINE EVIDENCE ONLY. Dún Laoghaire-Rathdown County Council publishes local playing-pitch open data (grass and synthetic) — local example, not extrapolated. Government CLÁR programmes 2024 and 2025 fund artificial / astro-turf infrastructure — pipeline, not installed stock.

MODELLED

No national CTE tonnage model in v1.0 (no validated national stock denominator or installation-age distribution); the legacy Ireland model is archived and disabled.

UNKNOWN

National pitch count and area; GAA register count; lifetime distribution; landscape / artificial-lawn stock; hybrid-turf stock; complete multi-sport count.

04

End-of-life market

Publicly verified national tonnage

CURRENT MEASURED NATIONAL END-OF-LIFE TONNAGE: UNKNOWN · ANNUAL REPLACEMENTS: UNKNOWN

CTE MODEL — PUBLIC INPUTS

No CTE tonnage model for Ireland v1.0. EPA Report 430 reproduces literature values (up to ≈140 t per standard field, ≈8–10 year lifetime, 3–5 t/year top-up) — literature reference only, not Irish measurements, not a CTE conversion factor.

HISTORICAL

Historical upstream tyre routes: Bord na Móna's Drogheda plant processed end-of-life tyres into crumb rubber used on football pitches; Crumb Rubber Ireland Ltd. is classified as a historical tyre recycler / upstream material supplier — historical tyre recycling, not turf recycling.

Uncertainty & methodology

National treatment split — reuse, material recycling, energy recovery, landfill, export: all UNKNOWN (no percentages). Export volume and destination countries: UNKNOWN at national level; UK, Netherlands, France, Denmark or Germany are not assumed.

05

Recycling infrastructure

Infrastructure

  • 0 Active full / multi-fraction recycling sites
  • 0 Active part-stream processing sites
  • 1 Active pre-processors (incl. mobile, no fixed site)
  • 0 Historical / closed sites
  • 0 Development / permit projects

Public data availability

Public capacity available: NO

Actual throughput available: NO

Units and system definitions differ between facilities; CTE does not rank or total capacity.

NO CURRENT FIXED REPUBLIC-OF-IRELAND END-OF-LIFE SYNTHETIC-TURF MATERIAL-RECYCLING FACILITY VERIFIED TO CTE PUBLIC-EVIDENCE STANDARD. JNC Premier Pitches is a mobile / project-based pre-processor (company base Cashel, Co. Tipperary — text only, no pin). PST Sport, Harris Turf, Elmore Recycling and historical Bord na Móna have no turf-recycler pin. This is an evidence status, not a national recycling-performance score.

06

Facility detail cards

JNC Premier Pitches (J.N. Cummins & Co. Ltd.) — mobile / project-based pre-processor

operationalMOBILE PRE-PROCESSOR / PITCH-RESURFACING MATERIAL-SEPARATION ACTOR — NOT A FULL-FIELD MATERIAL RECYCLER — NO FIXED FACILITY PIN

Mayfield, Cashel, Co. Tipperary, E25 TD32 (company base — mobile / project-based processing)

What comes in?
end-of-life synthetic turf (mat + infill) removed during resurfacing
What happens?
removal of old turf and infill (SMG Turf Muncher), separation of old materials
What comes out?
facility_type
Where does it go?
MOBILE PRE-PROCESSOR / PITCH-RESURFACING MATERIAL-SEPARATION ACTOR — NOT A FULL-FIELD MATERIAL RECYCLER — NO FIXED FACILITY PIN
Capacity
DATA GAP NO PUBLIC FIGURE IDENTIFIED
Throughput
DATA GAP UNKNOWN
Evidence type
company reported
Last verified
2026-09-29
Data gaps
Capacity · Throughput

Secondary material market / circular value chain (not recycling infrastructure)

These actors do not physically process end-of-life synthetic turf. They are excluded from recycler counts, the recycler map and capacity figures.

  • PST Sport — INSTALLER / RESURFACING CONTRACTOR / MAINTENANCE ACTOR — NOT A RECYCLER (removal + disposal ≠ recycling; maintenance ≠ EOL processing)
  • Harris Turf Improvements — SYNTHETIC-TURF MAINTENANCE ACTOR — NOT AN EOL TURF RECYCLER
  • Elmore Recycling — END-OF-LIFE TYRE RECYCLER / RUBBER-SHRED PRODUCER / UPSTREAM INFILL SUPPLY CHAIN — NOT A SYNTHETIC-TURF RECYCLER
  • Bord na Móna — HISTORICAL TYRE RECYCLER (crumb rubber) — NOT A SYNTHETIC-TURF RECYCLER

07

Material flow

Only steps supported by public evidence are filled. Energy recovery is not material recycling; export and storage are not final destinations.

  1. 1. Field

    PUBLIC EVIDENCE

    Resurfacing projects evidenced (JNC, PST Sport) — project-specific only.

  2. 2. Removal

    PUBLIC EVIDENCE

    JNC: removal of old turf and infill (SMG Turf Muncher). PST Sport: removal and disposal — DISPOSAL ≠ RECYCLING.

  3. 3. Infill separation

    PUBLIC EVIDENCE

    JNC: separation of old materials (company-reported).

  4. 4. Turf carpet

    PUBLIC EVIDENCE

    Belclare (1,500 m²): old turf partly salvaged and reused at a school hurling wall — REUSE, not material recycling.

  5. 5. Processing

    PUBLIC EVIDENCE

    1 active mobile / project-based pre-processor (JNC); 0 verified fixed full-field, part-stream or infill processors.

  6. 6. Output fractions

    PUBLIC EVIDENCE

    JNC: old SBR and old-surface remnants processed / repurposed, incl. equine lunge rings (company-reported route).

  7. 7. Secondary material

    UNKNOWN

  8. 8. Final destination

    UNKNOWN

    Downstream final processor: UNKNOWN / PROJECT-SPECIFIC.

08

Capacity vs throughput

These categories are never added together: capacity is not throughput, a target is not a realised volume, and historical data is not current data.

KNOWN CAPACITY

CURRENT VERIFIED NATIONAL SYNTHETIC-TURF RECYCLING CAPACITY: UNKNOWN (no verified fixed commercial turf-recycling plant). JNC mobile / project-based capacity: UNKNOWN. Tyre-processing capacity (Elmore, historical Bord na Móna) is not turf capacity.

KNOWN THROUGHPUT

CURRENT VERIFIED NATIONAL PROCESSING / RECYCLING THROUGHPUT: UNKNOWN. JNC throughput: UNKNOWN. JNC's “more than 200 synthetic-pitch projects” is company-reported cumulative project experience and PST Sport's “more than 500 projects (Ireland + UK)” is installation experience — neither is EOL throughput. Project m² are not converted.

UNKNOWN THROUGHPUT

National capacity, throughput, treatment split, export volume and destinations; JNC annual capacity, throughput and downstream final processors.

HISTORICAL

Historical Bord na Móna Drogheda tyre plant and historical Crumb Rubber Ireland: upstream tyre recycling only — no turf capacity shown.

TARGETS

No national target for synthetic-turf recycling identified.

09

Regulatory context

REPUBLIC OF IRELAND — REGULATORY & ENVIRONMENTAL CONTEXT. EU restriction: the Irish Government stated in the Oireachtas (7 Nov 2023) that the EU regulation of September 2023 prohibits the future sale of microplastics including granular infill used on artificial sports surfaces; the sale / placing on the market of polymeric microplastic infill will be restricted from 2031 following the eight-year EU transition period. This is not a ban on artificial turf and does not require existing pitches to be removed. Waste regulation: waste disposal / recovery activities require appropriate Irish waste authorisation depending on activity and scale (EPA); no legal conclusions are drawn for individual projects. End-of-Waste (EPA, Art. 28): common use for specific purposes, existing market/demand, technical/product requirements, no adverse environmental/health impact, and a completed recovery operation — no turf fraction is claimed to have End-of-Waste status. Environmental evidence: EPA Research Report 430 (Case Study 3) sampled 10 Irish artificial pitches, detected SBR particles outside pitch boundaries to at least 15 m (highest near pitches), lower abundance near some higher barriers, higher abundance at some sites without adequate drainage, one external drainage route into stormwater, and rubber crumb in drainage infrastructure — field-study evidence, not national emissions or market size.

10

Data gaps

NO PUBLICLY VERIFIED VALUE AVAILABLE — an unknown is a deliberate evidence status, not a missing page element.

  • DATA GAPNATIONAL PITCH COUNT, AREA AND GAA REGISTER COUNT — UNKNOWN
  • DATA GAPMEASURED EOL TONNAGE, ANNUAL REPLACEMENTS AND NATIONAL TREATMENT SPLIT — UNKNOWN
  • DATA GAPNO VERIFIED FIXED FULL-FIELD, PART-STREAM OR INFILL PROCESSOR IN THE REPUBLIC OF IRELAND (CTE AUDIT CONCLUSION)
  • DATA GAPJNC — ANNUAL CAPACITY, THROUGHPUT AND DOWNSTREAM FINAL PROCESSORS UNKNOWN
  • DATA GAPEXPORT VOLUME AND DESTINATION COUNTRIES; ENERGY-RECOVERY AND LANDFILL SHARES — UNKNOWN
  • DATA GAPLANDSCAPE / ARTIFICIAL-LAWN AND HYBRID TURF — STOCK, EOL AND ROUTES UNKNOWN

11

Sources

Public source chain (30)PUBLIC SOURCE CHAIN VALIDATED — DATA GAPS REMAIN

Each statement: claim → public source → date → evidence label → limitation. Figures are shown separately and never added together.

  • HISTORICAL / UPSTREAM TYRE-RECYCLING ROUTE · company_reported

    Historical: Bord na Móna's Drogheda tyre-recycling plant processed used tyres into crumb rubber for reuse in other applications, including crumb rubber used on football pitches. Bord na Móna later exited this business context. Historical tyre recycling — not turf recycling; not current turf infrastructure. Entities and time periods kept distinct from Elmore.

    Sources: [1] bnm.ie [2] bnm.ie

  • CURRENT PUBLIC INVESTMENT / INFRASTRUCTURE PIPELINE CONTEXT · verified

    Irish government CLÁR programmes (2024 and 2025) continue to support artificial / astro-turf infrastructure. Funded projects are not counted as installed stock until completed.

    Sources: [1] gov.ie [2] gov.ie

  • CTE CLASSIFICATION / AUDIT CONCLUSION · unknown

    CTE classification — Crumb Rubber Ireland Ltd. (historical): historical tyre recycler / upstream material supplier — NOT a synthetic-turf recycler; no turf count, capacity, throughput or pin.

  • LOCAL AUTHORITY OPEN-DATA EXAMPLE · verified

    Dún Laoghaire-Rathdown County Council maintains local playing-pitch open data including grass and synthetic surfaces — local example, not extrapolated to the Republic of Ireland.

    Sources: [1] data.gov.ie

  • END-OF-LIFE TYRE RECYCLER / UPSTREAM INFILL SUPPLY CHAIN · company_reported

    Elmore Recycling (Donore Industrial Estate, Drogheda, Co. Louth) physically processes end-of-life tyres: collection → shredding → rubber shred + metal recovery; rubber can be remanufactured into products including football-pitch applications. Upstream secondary rubber supply — NOT an end-of-life synthetic-turf recycler; no turf capacity, count or pin.

    Sources: [1] elmorerecycling.com

  • CURRENT IRISH END-OF-WASTE FRAMEWORK · verified

    EPA: for waste-derived material to achieve End-of-Waste status it must commonly be used for specific purposes, a market/demand must exist, it must meet technical/product requirements, its use must not cause adverse environmental/health impacts, and a recovery operation must have occurred. No turf fraction is claimed to have End-of-Waste status.

    Sources: [1] epa.ie

  • IRISH FIELD-STUDY ENVIRONMENTAL EVIDENCE · verified

    The EPA-funded study found SBR microplastic particles outside artificial pitches, with dispersal extending at least 15 metres from pitch edges; abundance was highest close to pitches and decreased with distance. Not converted into national emissions.

    Sources: [1] epa.ie

  • CASE-STUDY ENVIRONMENTAL PATHWAY EVIDENCE · verified

    The study observed lower abundance near some higher retaining barriers, higher abundance at some sites without adequate drainage, one external drainage route leading directly into stormwater drainage, and rubber crumb in drainage infrastructure. Not generalised to all Irish pitches.

    Sources: [1] epa.ie

  • LITERATURE REFERENCE REPRODUCED IN IRISH EPA REPORT · verified

    EPA Report 430 reproduces external literature values: up to approximately 140 tonnes of material in a standard artificial-turf field, lifetime approximately 8–10 years, top-up 3–5 tonnes/year depending on use and climate. Not Irish measurements, not a national average, not a CTE conversion factor.

    Sources: [1] epa.ie

  • IRISH ENVIRONMENTAL FIELD STUDY · verified

    EPA Research Report 430, Case Study 3 (Astroturf pitches): Ireland-specific sampling of 10 artificial pitches. Environmental field study, not a national market inventory.

    Sources: [1] epa.ie

  • EUROPEAN INFRASTRUCTURE CONTEXT · verified

    ESTC's end-of-life guidance documents European recycling facilities — European context only; it does not establish a domestic Republic-of-Ireland full-field facility.

    Sources: [1] estc.info

  • CURRENT IRISH / EU REGULATORY CONTEXT · verified

    Irish Government (Oireachtas, 7 Nov 2023): EU regulation introduced in September 2023 prohibits the future sale of microplastics including granular infill used on artificial sports surfaces. Sale / placing on the market of polymeric microplastic infill will be restricted from 2031 following the eight-year EU transition period.

    Sources: [1] oireachtas.ie

  • CURRENT FOOTBALL GOVERNANCE / CERTIFICATION CONTEXT · verified

    FAI: full-sized artificial pitches must be tested / certified; clubs must notify their league; the relevant league should maintain a database of playable artificial-turf pitches; certified full-sized pitches may appear through FIFA certification systems. Not a national pitch count.

    Sources: [1] fai.ie

  • NATIONAL FOOTBALL INFRASTRUCTURE STRATEGY · verified

    FAI Facility Investment Vision and Strategy: facilities survey covered 87% of grassroots clubs; the strategy includes development / improvement of football infrastructure including artificial pitches. Not converted into current stock.

    Sources: [1] facilitiesstrategy.fai.ie

  • SPORT-SPECIFIC SYNTHETIC-TURF QUALITY REGISTER · verified

    GAA Register of Synthetic Turf Fields: fields must meet GAA performance / construction standards, undergo initial testing and be retested every three years. GAA register count: UNKNOWN.

    Sources: [1] gaa.ie [2] gaa.ie

  • CTE DATA GAP / AUDIT CONCLUSION · unknown

    Republic of Ireland — current measured national EOL tonnage, annual replacement count, national treatment split, verified material-recycling throughput and verified turf-recycling capacity: UNKNOWN. No national CTE tonnage model in v1.0.

  • CTE DATA GAP / AUDIT CONCLUSION · unknown

    Current national volume of Irish EOL turf exported for treatment and destination countries: UNKNOWN at national level. No destination country is assumed without a project-specific source.

  • CTE DATA GAP / AUDIT CONCLUSION · unknown

    CTE has not identified a currently active Republic-of-Ireland fixed full-field synthetic-turf recycling facility that meets the CTE public-evidence standard. Active verified fixed full-field recyclers: 0; fixed turf-derived part-stream processors: 0; fixed turf-infill processors: 0. Active mobile pre-processors: 1 (JNC Premier Pitches).

  • CTE DATA GAP / AUDIT CONCLUSION · unknown

    Republic of Ireland — current verified national artificial-turf pitch count and area: UNKNOWN. No complete, comparable, publicly verified national pitch inventory has been identified to CTE evidence standard.

  • MAINTENANCE ACTOR · company_reported

    Harris Turf Improvements provides synthetic-turf maintenance, cleaning, infill/refill and debris removal — maintenance actor, not an EOL turf recycler; no recycler pin.

    Sources: [1] harristurf.ie

  • PROJECT-SPECIFIC REUSE EVIDENCE · company_reported

    JNC uses specialist SMG Turf Muncher machinery for synthetic-pitch resurfacing. Belclare Sports Facility, Co. Galway: 1,500 m² resurfacing; old synthetic turf partly salvaged and reused at a local school hurling-wall area. REUSE ≠ MATERIAL RECYCLING.

    Sources: [1] sportspitch.ie

  • CTE CLASSIFICATION / AUDIT CONCLUSION · unknown

    CTE classification — JNC Premier Pitches: ACTIVE MOBILE PRE-PROCESSOR / PITCH-RESURFACING MATERIAL-SEPARATION ACTOR; not a full-field material recycler, not a fixed recycling facility; no fixed map pin (project-based, mobile). Annual capacity: UNKNOWN. Annual throughput: UNKNOWN. Downstream final processor: UNKNOWN / PROJECT-SPECIFIC.

  • ACTIVE MOBILE PRE-PROCESSOR (COMPANY IDENTITY) · company_reported

    J.N. Cummins & Co. Ltd. t/a JNC Premier Pitches, company base Mayfield, Cashel, Co. Tipperary, E25 TD32 — active; company states it has completed more than 200 synthetic-pitch projects (company-reported cumulative project experience, not EOL processing count or throughput).

    Sources: [1] sportspitch.ie

  • PITCH MAINTENANCE / LIFE-EXTENSION ACTIVITY · company_reported

    JNC also provides synthetic-pitch maintenance — maintenance only, not end-of-life recycling.

    Sources: [1] sportspitch.ie

  • COMPANY-REPORTED EOL MATERIAL ROUTE · company_reported

    JNC pitch refurbishment: old pitch → removal of old turf and infill → separation of old materials → materials directed for appropriate recycling / repurposing. Old SBR and old-surface remnants are processed / repurposed, including use in equine lunge rings (company-reported). Not all removed mass = recycling; annual tonnage not inferred.

    Sources: [1] sportspitch.ie

  • INSTALLER / RESURFACING CONTRACTOR / MAINTENANCE ACTOR · company_reported

    PST Sport: installer / resurfacing contractor reporting more than 500 artificial-pitch projects across Ireland + UK (installation experience, not Irish turf-recycling volume). Project pages show removal and disposal of old synthetic turf, e.g. Arklow Town FC 7,400 m², Raheny GAA 650 m², Butlersbridge 540 m², LeisureWorld Bishopstown 3,520 m² — DISPOSAL ≠ MATERIAL RECYCLING. Not a recycler.

    Sources: [1] pstsport.com [2] pstsport.com [3] pstsport.com

  • PITCH MAINTENANCE / LIFE-EXTENSION ACTIVITY · company_reported

    PST Sport performs infill decompaction, deep cleaning, contaminant removal and redistribution of cleaned infill — pitch maintenance / life extension, not end-of-life recycling; not in recycler count.

    Sources: [1] pstsport.com

  • CTE SCOPE RULE · unknown

    Geographic scope: Republic of Ireland only. Irish FA, Northern Ireland facilities, Derry / Londonderry projects, UK funding, UK waste law and UK recycling routes belong to the United Kingdom dossier and are excluded.

  • NATIONAL SPORTS-FACILITY DATA STRUCTURE · verified

    Sport Ireland's facility-location schema includes “Pitch (Artificial)” as a recognised sports-facility category. It defines a category and does not provide a complete national count.

    Sources: [1] sportireland.ie

  • CURRENT NATIONAL WASTE-REGULATORY CONTEXT · verified

    EPA: waste disposal / recovery activities require appropriate Irish waste authorisation depending on activity and scale. No legal conclusions are issued for individual turf projects.

    Sources: [1] epa.ie

All public sources (deduplicated) (25)

Each URL is listed once; the claim-source links above are preserved per statement.

  1. Bord na Móna — Delivering on COP26 · bnm.ie · 1 statements
  2. Bord na Móna — Bord na Móna delivering on climate action · bnm.ie · 1 statements
  3. Dún Laoghaire-Rathdown County Council / data.gov.ie — DLR playing pitches open data · data.gov.ie · 1 statements
  4. Elmore Recycling — Elmore Recycling — company website · elmorerecycling.com · 1 statements
  5. Environmental Protection Agency (Ireland) — EPA Research Report 430 · epa.ie · 4 statements
  6. Environmental Protection Agency (Ireland) — How to apply for a waste licence · epa.ie · 1 statements
  7. Environmental Protection Agency (Ireland) — End-of-Waste (Article 28) · epa.ie · 1 statements
  8. ESTC — Knowledge centre — End of life · estc.info · 1 statements
  9. Football Association of Ireland — FAI Facility Investment Vision and Strategy · facilitiesstrategy.fai.ie · 1 statements
  10. Football Association of Ireland — Artificial Pitches · fai.ie · 1 statements
  11. GAA — New edition of GAA synthetic pitch standards launched · gaa.ie · 1 statements
  12. GAA — GAA clubs invited to attend launch of new standards for synthetic pitches · gaa.ie · 1 statements
  13. Government of Ireland — 2024 CLÁR programme announcement · gov.ie · 1 statements
  14. Government of Ireland — 2025 CLÁR programme announcement · gov.ie · 1 statements
  15. Harris Turf Improvements — Synthetic turf · harristurf.ie · 1 statements
  16. Houses of the Oireachtas — Parliamentary question, 7 November 2023 · oireachtas.ie · 1 statements
  17. PST Sport — PST Sport — company website · pstsport.com · 1 statements
  18. PST Sport — 8-step maintenance programme · pstsport.com · 1 statements
  19. PST Sport — 2023 completed projects · pstsport.com · 1 statements
  20. PST Sport — 2022 completed projects · pstsport.com · 1 statements
  21. Sport Ireland — Uploading Activity Location Data — Local Authorities · sportireland.ie · 1 statements
  22. J.N. Cummins & Co. Ltd. t/a JNC Premier Pitches — JNC Premier Pitches — company website · sportspitch.ie · 1 statements
  23. JNC Premier Pitches — Pitch refurbishment · sportspitch.ie · 1 statements
  24. JNC Premier Pitches — Belclare Sports Facility, Co. Galway · sportspitch.ie · 1 statements
  25. JNC Premier Pitches — Maintenance · sportspitch.ie · 1 statements

12

CTE data quality

Claims

30

Sources

25

Claim-source links

28

Facilities

1

Official / regulatory sources

3

Last audited

2026-09-29

Final status: QA PASSED WITH DOCUMENTED UNKNOWN — QA PASSED — FROZEN (v1.0, 29 Sep 2026)